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A phoenix depicted in a book of legendary creatures by FJ Bertuch (1747–1822)

In Greek mythology, a phoenix (/ˈfiːnɪks/; Ancient Greek: φοῖνιξ, phoînix) is a long-lived bird that cyclically regenerates or is otherwise born again.

Associated with the Sun, a phoenix obtains new life by arising from the ashes of its predecessor. According to some sources, the phoenix dies in a show of flames and combustion, although there are other sources that claim that the legendary bird dies and simply decomposes before being born again.[1] There are different traditions concerning the lifespan of the phoenix, but by most accounts the phoenix lived for 500 years before rebirth.[2]Herodotus, Lucan, Pliny the Elder, Pope Clement I, Lactantius, Ovid, and Isidore of Seville are among those who have contributed to the retelling and transmission of the phoenix motif.

In ancient Greece and Rome, the phoenix was associated with Phoenicia, (modern Lebanon), a civilization famous for its production of purple dye from conch shells.

In the historical record, the phoenix 'could symbolize renewal in general as well as the sun, time, the Empire, metempsychosis, consecration, resurrection, life in the heavenly Paradise, Christ, Mary, virginity, the exceptional man, and certain aspects of Christian life'.[3]

Etymology[edit]

Satellite photo of Lebanon (ancient Phoenicia), a civilization famous for its production of purple dye from conch shells

The modern English noun phoenix derives from Middle Englishphenix (before 1150), itself from Old Englishfēnix (around 750). A once-common typological variant is phœnix. Old English fēnix was borrowed from Medieval Latin phenix, which is derived from Classical Latin phoenīx. The Classical Latin phoenīx represents Greek φοῖνιξ phoinīx.[4].

In ancient Greece and Rome, the phoenix was sometimes associated with the similar-sounding Phoenicia (modern Lebanon), a civilization famous for its production of purple dye from conch shells. A late antique etymology offered by the 6th- and 7th-century CE archbishop Isidore of Seville accordingly derives the name of the phoenix from its allegedly purple-red hue. Because the costly purple dye was associated with the upper classes in antiquity and, later, with royalty, in the medieval period the phoenix was considered 'the royal bird'.[5]

In spite of these folk etymologies, with the deciphering of the Linear B script in the 20th century, the original Greek φοῖνιξ was decisively shown to be derived from Mycenaean Greekpo-ni-ke, itself open to a variety of interpretations.[6]

The rising phoenix review

Relation to the Egyptian Bennu[edit]

Classical discourse on the subject of the phoenix points to a potential origin of the phoenix in Ancient Egypt. In the 19th century scholastic suspicions appeared to be confirmed by the discovery that Egyptians in Heliopolis had venerated the Bennu, a solar bird observed in some respects to be similar to the Greek phoenix. However, the Egyptian sources regarding the bennu are often problematic and open to a variety of interpretations. Some of these sources may have actually been influenced by Greek notions of the phoenix, rather than the other way around.[7]

Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, gives a somewhat skeptical account of the phoenix:

[The Egyptians] have also another sacred bird called the phoenix which I myself have never seen, except in pictures. Indeed it is a great rarity, even in Egypt, only coming there (according to the accounts of the people of Heliopolis) once in five hundred years, when the old phoenix dies. Its size and appearance, if it is like the pictures, are as follow:– The plumage is partly red, partly golden, while the general make and size are almost exactly that of the eagle. They tell a story of what this bird does, which does not seem to me to be credible: that he comes all the way from Arabia, and brings the parent bird, all plastered over with myrrh, to the temple of the Sun, and there buries the body. In order to bring him, they say, he first forms a ball of myrrh as big as he finds that he can carry; then he hollows out the ball, and puts his parent inside, after which he covers over the opening with fresh myrrh, and the ball is then of exactly the same weight as at first; so he brings it to Egypt, plastered over as I have said, and deposits it in the temple of the Sun. Such is the story they tell of the doings of this bird.[8]

Appearance[edit]

The phoenix is sometimes pictured in ancient and medieval literature and medieval art as endowed with a halo, which emphasizes the bird's connection with the Sun.[9] In the oldest images of phoenixes on record these nimbuses often have seven rays, like Helios (the Greek personification of the Sun).[10] Pliny the Elder[11] also describes the bird as having a crest of feathers on its head,[9] and Ezekiel the Dramatist compared it to a rooster.[12]

Although the phoenix was generally believed to be colorful and vibrant, sources provide no clear consensus about its coloration. Tacitus says that its color made it stand out from all other birds.[13] Some said that the bird had peacock-like coloring, and Herodotus's claim of the Phoenix being red and yellow is popular in many versions of the story on record.[14] Ezekiel the Dramatist declared that the phoenix had red legs and striking yellow eyes,[12] but Lactantius said that its eyes were blue like sapphires[15] and that its legs were covered in yellow-gold scales with rose-colored talons.[16]

Herodotus, Pliny, Solinus, and Philostratus describe the phoenix as similar in size to an eagle,[17] but Lactantius and Ezekiel the Dramatist both claim that the phoenix was larger, with Lactantius declaring that it was even larger than an ostrich.[18]

In later European culture[edit]

Detail from the 12th-century Aberdeen Bestiary, featuring a phoenix

The Old English Exeter Book contains an anonymous 677-line 9th-century alliterative poem consisting of a paraphrase and abbreviation of Lactantius, followed by an explication of the Phoenix as an allegory for the resurrection of Christ.[19]

Þisses fugles gecynd fela gelices
bi þam gecornum Cristes þegnum;
beacnað in burgum hu hi beorhtne gefean
þurh Fæder fultum on þar frecnan tid
healdaþ under heofonum & him heanna blæd
in þam uplican eðle gestrynaþ.

This bird's nature is much like
to the chosen servants of Christ;
pointeth out to men how they bright joy
through the Father's aid in this perilous time
may under heaven possess, and exalted happiness
in the celestial country may gain.

—In the original Old English—In Modern English translation[20]

Dante refers to the phoenix in Inferno Canto XXIV:

Così per li gran savi si confessa
che la fenice more e poi rinasce,
quando al cinquecentesimo anno appressa;
erba né biado in sua vita non pasce,
ma sol d’incenso lagrime e d’amomo,
e nardo e mirra son l’ultime fasce.

Even thus by the great sages 'tis confessed
The phoenix dies, and then is born again,
When it approaches its five-hundredth year;
On herb or grain it feeds not in its life,
But only on tears of incense and amomum,
And nard and myrrh are its last winding-sheet.

—In the original Italian—In English translation

In the play Henry VIII by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher, Archbishop Cranmer says in Act V, Scene v in reference to Elizabeth (who was to become Queen Elizabeth I):

...Nor shall this peace sleep with her; but as when
The bird of wonder dies, the maiden phoenix,
Her ashes new create another heir
As great in admiration as herself;
So shall she leave her blessedness to one,
When heaven shall call her from this cloud of darkness,
Who from the sacred ashes of her honour
Shall star-like rise as great in fame as she was,
And so stand fix'd...

Analogues[edit]

Princess Trainer The Red Phoenix Rising

Scholars have observed analogues to the phoenix in a variety of cultures. These analogues include the Hindugaruda and gandaberunda, the Russianfirebird, the Persiansimorgh, Georgianpaskunji, the Arabian anqa (عنقاء) and the derived TurkishZümrüdü Anka, the TibetanMe byi karmo, the ChineseFenghuang (鳳凰) and zhu que (朱雀), and the Japanese hō-ō (鳳凰).[21]

See also[edit]

  • Change Phoenix, a Mai Tsubasa in Dengeki Sentai Changeman
  • Chol (Bible), a Hebrew word sometimes glossed as phoenix
  • Phoenix, Arizona, a city in the United States, named after the Phoenix
  • Phoenix Ikki, a flames Warrior in Saint Seiya
  • Phoenix Park, in Dublin Ireland

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 146.
  2. ^Van der Broek 1972, pp. 67–70.
  3. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 9.
  4. ^Barnhart 1995, p. 564.
  5. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 51.
  6. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 62–66.
  7. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 14–25.
  8. ^Herodotus, The Histories, Book II Trans. G. Rawlinson (1858)
  9. ^ abVan der Broek 1972, p. 233.
  10. ^Van der Broek 1972, pp. 246–247.
  11. ^Ancient Magic and the Supernatural in the Modern Visual and Performing Arts, edited by Filippo CarlÁ,Irene Berti, page172
  12. ^ abVan der Broek 1972, p. 257.
  13. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 253.
  14. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 259.
  15. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 256.
  16. ^Van der Broek 1972, pp. 257–258.
  17. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 251.
  18. ^Van der Broek 1972, p. 252.
  19. ^Blake 1964, p. 1.
  20. ^Thorpe, Benjamin; Corson, Hiram (1842). 'Codex exoniensis. A collection of Anglo-Saxon poetry, from a manuscript in the library of the dean and chapter of Exeter'. p. 244. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  21. ^Garry & El-Shamy 2005, pp. 84–87.

References[edit]

  • Barnhart, Robert K (1995), The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, HarperCollins, ISBN0-06-270084-7.
  • Blake, N F (1964), The Phoenix, Manchester: Manchester U Press
  • Garry, Jane; El-Shamy, Hasan (2005), Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature, ME Sharpe, ISBN978-0-76561260-1.
  • Van der Broek, R (1972), The Myth of the Phoenix, Seeger, I trans, EJ Brill. Google books
  • Praveen Samuel.J, Precilla Shaline.J; Bharadwaj U.M (2015), Phoenix, IJSSHR, ISSN2348-3164.

External links[edit]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Phoenix.
  • Quotations related to Phoenix at Wikiquote
  • Media related to Phoenix at Wikimedia Commons
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